CRITICAL POST: Ancient words from 3,000 – 1,200 BCE in modern English:
First the ancient words in modern English, and in the next two posts, how words infiltrate from earlier to diachronically close later languages. These posts are real eye-openers, explaining how words from earlier languages trickle into later, e.g. Akkadian and Sanskrit into Linear A (Minon) and Linear B (Mycenaean) + how all of the ancient words here infiltrate English.
Akkadian/Assyrian (3,000 BCE):
babel babilu = Babylon; gate of God (Akkadian)
bdellium budulhu = pieces (Assyrian)
canon, canyon qanu = tube, reed (Assyrian)
cumin kumunu = carrot family plant (Akkadian)
natron sodium (Akkadian)
myrrh murru (Akkadian)
sack saqqu (Akkadian)
shalom = hello sholom/shlama = hello (also Hebrew)
souk saqu = narrow (Akkadian)
Semitic (2,000-1,000 BCE):
arbiter arbiter (Latin from Phoenician)
byssus bwtz = linen cloth, to be white (Semitic)
chemise gms = garment (Ugaritic)
deltoid dalt (Phoenician)
fig pag (paleo-Hebrew)
iotacism iota (Phoenician)
map (Phoenician)
mat matta (Phoenician)
shekel tql (Canaanite)
Egyptian (2690 BCE):
http://www.egyptologyforum.org/AEloans.html
adobe
alabaster
alchemy
ammonia
baboon 5
barge, bark, barque, to embark
basalt
behemoth
bocal
chemistry 10
copt, coptic
desert
Egypt
ebony
endive 15
gum
gypsy
ibis
ivory
lily 20
oasis
obelisk
manna
mummy
myth 25
papyrus
paper
pharaoh
pharmacy
phoenix 30
pitcher
pyramid
sack See also saqqu (Akkadian)
sash
Susan(na), Phineas, Moses, Potiphar, Potiphera 35
sphinx
stibium = eye paint
tart
uraeus (emblem on the headdress of the pharaoh)39
Sanskrit (2,000 BCE):
aniline nili (Sanskrit)
Aryan aryas = noble, honourable
atoll antala
aubergine vātigagama = eggplant, aubergine
avatar avatara = descent
bandana bandhana = a bond
banyan vaṇij = merchant
basmati vasa
beryl vaidūrya (Sanskrit, Dravidian)
bhakti bhakti = portion
candy khaṇḍakaḥ, from khaṇḍaḥ = piece, fragment
cashmere shawl made of cashmere wool
cheetah chitras = uniquely marked
chintz chitras = clear, bright
cot khatva
cobra kharparah = skull
crimson krmija = red dye produced by a worm
crocus kunkunam = saffron, saffron yellow
datura dhattūrāh = a kind of flowering plant
dinghy dronam = tiny boat
ginger srngaveram, from srngam “horn” + vera = body
guar gopali = annual legume
gunny goni = sack
guru gurus = bachelor
jackal srgalah = the howler
Java/java = island/coffee Yavadvipa= Island of Barley, from yava
= barley + dvipa =island
juggernaut jagat-natha-s = lord of the world
jungle jangala = arid
jute jutas = twisted hair
karma karman = action
kermes kṛmija = worm-made
lacquer lākṣā
lilac nila = dark blue
loot lotam = he steals
mandala mandala = circle
mandarin mantri = an advisor
mantra mantras = holy message or text
maya maya = illusion
Mithras mitrah = friend
mugger makara = sea creature, crocodile
musk mus = mouse
nard naladam = nard
nirvanas nirvanas = extinction, blowing out (candle)
opal upalah = opal
orange narangas = orange tree
pal bhrata = brother
palanquin palyanka = bed, couch
panther pāṇḍara = pale
pepper pippali = long pepper
punch pancha = drink from alcohol, sugar, lemon, water,
tea or spices
pundit paṇdita =learned
rajah rajan = king
rice vrihi-s = rice, derived from proto-Dravidian
rupee rūpyakam =silver coin
saccharin sarkarā
sandal wood candanam = wood for burning incense
sapphire sanipriya = sacred to Shani (Sanskrit) = Greek,
Saturn
sari sati = garment
shawl sati = strip of cloth
sugar sharkara = ground sugar
swami svami = master
tank tadaga-m =pond, lake pool, large artificial
container for liquid
thug sthaga = scoundrel
tope stupah
yoga yogas = yoke, union
yogi yogin = one who practices yoga, ascetic
zen dhyana = meditation
Linear A (1,800-1,500 BCE):
cedar keda = cedar
cumin kuminaqe = and cumin See also Linear B kumino
kumi/non Cf. kumunu = carrot family plant
(Akkadian)
lily rairi (also Egyptian) -or- nila = dark blue
(Sanskrit)
pimento pimata = pimento
rose rosa = rose
sack saka sa/kka <- sa/kkoj = coarse cloth of hair from
goats; sackcloth -or- sa/ka <- sa/koj a shield made
of wicker See also saqqu = sack (Akkadian)
Linear A & Linear B (1,800-1,200 BCE):
agriculture akara/akaru a1kra (arch. acc.) – or – = end, border
+ akaru a0gro/j = field Cf. Linear B akoro a0gro/j
democracy dima/dimaru dh=maj <- dh=moj = land, country;
people Cf. Linear B damo = village da=moj
Mother goddess of Mount Ida Idamate/Idamete
0Idama/te
Rhea, goddess of Mount Ida Idarea 0Idar9ea
healer ijate i0a/ter = doctor, physician Cf. Linear iyate
i0a/ter
calligraphy karu = ka/llu <- ka/lloj = beautiful, fine,
ornamental
copper kaki/kaku xalku/ <- xalko/j = copper, bronze
crimson punikaso funi/kasoj = crimson, red (of wine)
Cf. Linear B ponikiya ponikiyo foini/kioj
= crimson Cf. krmija = red dye produced by a
worm (Sanskrit)
crocus kuruku kro/koj = crocus, saffron Cf. crocus
kunkunam = saffron, saffron yellow (Sanskrit)
Lykinthos Rukito Cf. Linear B Rukito Lu/kinqoj
minth mita mi/nqa = mint Cf. Linear B mita
nard naridi na/ridi <- na/rdoj = with nard. See also
naladam (Sanskrit)
new nea ne/a (feminine) = new Cf. Linear B ne/#a = new
pistachio-nut pitakase/pitakesi pista/kesi = with pistachio-nuts
(instr. pl.)
Phoenician punikaso funi/kasoj = crimson, red (of wine)
Cf. Linear B ponikiya ponikiyo foini/kioj
= crimson Cf. krmija = red dye produced by a
worm (Sanskrit)
Phaistos Paito Faisto/j Cf. Linear Paito
Rhea rea r9e/a = goddess, Rhea
sack saka sa/kka (arch. acc.) <- sa/kkoj = coarse cloth of
hair from goats; sackcloth -or- sa/ka <- sa/koj
a shield made of wicker Cf. See also
saqqu (Akkadian)
sesame sasame sasa/me = sesame Cf. Linear B sasa/ma
terebinth tree tarawita = terebinth tree Cf. Linear B kitano
ki/rtanoj & timito ti/rminqoj
thalassian tarasa = sea Cf. Linear B tarasa qa/lassa
thorax toraka qw/rac = breastplate, cuirass = Linear B
toraka
throne turunu qo/rnoj = throne Cf. Linear B torono
qo/rnoj
wine winu #i/nu = wine Cf. Linear B wono = wine, vine
#oi/noj
wine dedicated to Mother Earth winumatari NM #i/numa/tari = wine
dedicated to Mother Earth
yoked zokutu zogutu/ <- zogwto/j = yoked, with a cross-
bar
zone zuma zw=ma girdle, belt; girded tunic
Mycenaean Linear B (1,600-1,200 BCE):
aeon eo e0wn = being
anemometer anemo a0ne/mwn = wind
angel akero a0ngge/loj = messenger
agora akora a0gora/ = market
axles akosone a1conej = axles
amphorae aporowe a0mfore#ej
armaments amota a3rmo/ta = chariot
anthropology atoroqo a0nqrw/poj = man, human being
aulos (musical instrument)auro a0ulo/j = flute, musical instrument
cardamon kadamiya kardami/a = cardamon
celery serino se/linon = celery
chiton kito xitw/n = chiton
circular kukereu kukleu/j = circle
coriander koriyadana koli/adna
cumin kumino kum/minon Cf. kumunu = carrot family plant
(Akkadian)
curator korete kore/ter = governor
cypress kuparo ku/pairoj
divine diwo Di/#oj = Zeus
duo dwo du#o/ = two
elephant erepa e0le/faj = ivory (in Mycenaean)
eremite eremo e1remoj = desert
foal poro pw/loj = foal
gynecology kunaya gunai/a = woman
heterosexual hatero a3teroj e3teroj = other
hippodrome iqo i3ppoj = horse
labyrinth dapuritoyo = labyrinth laburi/nqoj
linen rino li/non
lion rewo le/#wn = lion
mariner marineu marineu/j = sailor, mariner
maternal matere ma/ter = mother
Mesopotamia Mesopotomo Mesopota/moj = Mesopotamia
metropolis matoropuro matro/puloj = mother city
nautical nao nau/j = ship
non-operational noopere nwfe/lioj = useless
operation opero o1feloj = operation
paternal pate pa/ter = father
paramedic para para\ = beside, from beside, by the side of,
beyond etc.
pharmaceutical pamako fa/rmakon = medicine
polypod porupode polu/pode polu/pouj = octopus
progressive poro pro\ = in front of
purple popureyo pofurei/a = purple
quartet qetoro tetta/rej = four
schinus kono skoi/noj (flowering pepper)
strategic tatakeu startageu/j = general
stylobate tatamo staqmo/j = standing post, door post
temenos temeno (piece of land assigned as an official
domain (to royalty)
theological teo qe/oj = god
trapeze topeza to/rpeza tra/peza = table
tripod tiripode tri/pwj = tripod
vision wide #ei/de = to see
xenophobic kesenuwiyo ce/n#ioj = stranger
© by Richard Vallance Janke 2017
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This lexicon adopts the conventions followed by L.R. Palmer in his ground-breaking work on Linear B, The Interpretation of Mycenaean Greek Texts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, © 1963, 1998. ix, 488 pp. ISBN 0-19-813144-5 (1998). For Palmer’s glossary, which follows these conventions, see pp. 402-473. We have adopted these conventions to make the vocabulary of Linear A accessible to any and all, from lay persons not yet familiar with Linear A and non-linguists (somewhat) familiar with Linear B and/or A all the way to professional linguists adept in Linear B, and possibly also in Linear A, in order that everyone, regardless of education or scholastic background may readily access our Linear A Lexicon and come to familiarize him- or herself with at least the rudiments of Linear A, or in the case of professional linguists, with the intricacies of the syllabary. This Lexicon represents all of the vocabulary Alexandre Solça and I myself have compiled, plus around 100 additional exograms deciphered by Peter van Soebergen in his superb 4 volume set, Minoan Linear. Amsterdam, Brave New Books, © 2016. ISBN 9789402157574 Originally published 1987 801. rosa 802. rosasiro 803. rotau 804. roti 805. rotwei 806. rua 807. rudedi 808. ruiko 809. Rujamime 810. ruka/rukaa/ruki/rukike 811. Rukito 812. ruko 813. rukue 814. ruma/rumu/rumata/rumatase 815. rupoka 816. ruqa/ruqaqa 817. rura2 (rurai) 818. rusa/rusi 819. rusaka 820. rutari 821. rutia 822. ruzuna 823. sadi 824. saja 825. sajama/sajamana 826. sajamadi 827. sajea 828. saka 829. samidae 830. samuku 831. sanitii 832. sapo/sapi 833. saqa 834. saqeri 835. sara2 (sarai)/sarara/saro/saru 836. saradi 837. sarara 838. sareju 839. saro/saroqe 840. saru/sarutu 841. sasaja 842. sasame 843. Sasara(me) 844. sasupu 845. sato/sata 846. sea/sei 847. sedina 848. sedire 849. seikama 850. Seimasusaa 851. seitau 852. Sejarapaja 853. Sejasinataki 854. Sekadidi 855. Sekatapi 856. sekidi 857. Sekiriteseja 858. sekutu 859. semake 860. semetu 861. senu 862. sepa 863. sere -or- rese 864. sesapa3 865. Sesasinunaa 866. sesi -or- sise 867. setamaru 868. Seterimuajaku 869. Setira 870. Setoija 871. sezami 872. sezanitao 873. sezaredu 874. sezatimitu 875. sia 876. side/sidi/sidare 877. sidate/sidatoi 878. sidija 879. sii/siida/siisi 880. siitau 881. sija 882. Sijanakarunau 883. sika 884. siketapi 885. sikine 886. Sikira/Sikirita 887. sima 888. simara 889. simeki 890. simita 891. sina 892. sinada 893. sinae 834. sinakanau 895. sinamiu 896. sinatakira 897. sinedui 898. sipiki 899. sipu3ka 900. sire/siro/siru/sirute 901. siriki 902. sireneti 903. sirumarita2 (sirumarita1) 904. sita2 (sitai) -or- ta2si (taisi) 905. sitetu 906. situ 907. situra2re 908. siwamaa 909. sodira 910. sokanipu 911. sokemase 912. sudaja 913. suja 914. sukinima 915. Sukirita/Sukiriteija 916. suniku 917. supu2ka 918. supa3 (supai)/supa3ra (supaira) 919. supi/supu/supu2 (supui) 920. sure 921. suria 922. suropa 923. sutu/sutunara 924. suu 925. suwaresu 926. suzu 923. taa 924. tadaki/tadati 925. tadeuka 926. taikama 927. Tainaro 928. tainuma 929. tainumapa 930. Ta2merakodisi (Taimerakodisi) 931. ta2re (raire) 932. ta2reki /ta2riki (aireki/tairiki) 933. Ta2rimarusi (Tairimarusi) 944. tai2si (taisi) 945. ta2tare 946. ta2tite 947. ta2u 948. tajusu 949. takaa/takari 950. taki/taku/takui 951. Tamaduda 952. Tanamaje 953. Tanarateutinu 954. tanate/tanati 955. Tanunikina 956. tamaru 957. tami/tamia/tamisi 958. tani/taniria/tanirizu 959. tanika 960. taniti 961. Tanunikina 962. tanurija 963. tanuwasa... 964. tapa 965. tapiida 966. tapiqe 967. tara/tare 968. tarasa 969. tarawita 970. tarejanai 971. tarikisu 972. tarina (tawena) 973. taritama 974. taro 975. tasa/tasaja 976. tasaza 977. tasise 978. tata/tati 979. tatapa3du (tatapaidu) 980. ta2tare (taitare) 981. ta2tite (taitite) 982. Tateikezare... (truncated) 983. tedasi/tedatiqa 984. tedekima 985. teepikia 986. teizatima 987. teja(i)/teija 988. teijo 989. tejare 990. tekare 991. teke/teki 992. tekidia 993. temada/temadai 994. temeku 995. temirerawi 996. tenamipi 997. tenata/tenataa 998. Tenatunapa3ku 999. tenekuka 1000. teneruda 1001. teniku 1002. tenita(ki) 1003. tenu/tenumi 1004. tepi 1005. tera/tere 1006. teraseda 1007. tereau 1008. tereza 1009. teri (tewe)/teridu 1010. terikama 1011. tero/teroa 1012. terota -or- rotate -or- tatero 1013. terusi 1014. tesi/tesiqe 1015. Tesudesekei 1016. tetita2 (tetitai) 1017. tetu 1018. Tewirumati 1019. Tidama 1020. tidata 1021. tidiate 1022. tiditeqati 1023. tiduni/tiduitii 1024. tiisako 1025. tija 1026. tika 1027. titiku 1028. tikiqa 1029. tikuja 1030. tikuneda 1031. timaruri/timaruwite 1032. timasa 1033. timi 1034. timunuta 1035. tina 1036. Tinakarunau 1037. tinata/tinita 1038. tinesekuda 1039. Tininaka 1040. tinu/tinuka/tinuja 1041. tinusekiqa 1042. tio 1043. tiqatediti 1044. tiqe/tiqeri/tiqeu 1045. tiraduja 1046. tira2 1047. tirakapa3 (tirakapai) 1048. tire 1049. tisa 1050. tiri 1051. tiriadidakitipaku 1052. tisiritua 1053. tisudapa 1054. tita 1055. titema 1056. titiku 1057. titima 1058. titisutisa 1059. tiu 1060. tiumaja 1061. tizanukaa 1062. toipa 1063. tome 1064. toraka 1065. toreqa 1066. toro 1067. totane 1068. tuda 1069. tui 1070. tujuma 1071. tukidija 1072. tukuse 1073. tuma/tumei/tumi 1074. tumitizase 1075. tunada 1076. tunapa 1077. tunapa3ku 1078. tunija
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