Linear A Lexicon 2018 vocabulary only, no definitions: PART 2: entries 440-800This lexicon adopts the conventions followed by L.R. Palmer in his ground-breaking work on Linear B, The Interpretation of Mycenaean Greek Texts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, © 1963, 1998. ix, 488 pp. ISBN 0-19-813144-5 (1998). For Palmer’s glossary, which follows these conventions, see pp. 402-473. We have adopted these conventions to make the vocabulary of Linear A accessible to any and all, from lay persons not yet familiar with Linear A and non-linguists (somewhat) familiar with Linear B and/or A all the way to professional linguists adept in Linear B, and possibly also in Linear A, in order that everyone, regardless of education or scholastic background may readily access our Linear A Lexicon and come to familiarize him- or herself with at least the rudiments of Linear A, or in the case of professional linguists, with the intricacies of the syllabary. This Lexicon represents all of the vocabulary Alexandre Solça and I myself have compiled, plus around 100 additional exograms deciphered by Peter van Soebergen in his superb 4 volume set, Minoan Linear. Amsterdam, Brave New Books, © 2016. ISBN 9789402157574 Originally published 1987 440. maa 441. madadu 442. madati 443. madi HT 3 444. mai/maimi 445. majutu 446. makai/makaise 447. makaita 448. makarite 449. mana/manapi 450. maniki 451. Manirizu 452. manuqa 453. maro/maru/maruku/maruri 454. masa/masaja 455. masi/masidu 456. Masuja 457. masuri 458. matapu 459. mateti 460. mati/matiti 461. matizaite 462. maza/mazu 463. medakidi 464. Mekidi 465. mesiki -or- sikime – or - kimesi 466. mepajai 467. mera 468. merasasaa/merasasaja 469. mesasa 470. Mesenurutu 471. meto 472. Meturaa 473. meza 474. mia 475. midai 476. midani 477. midamara2 (midamarai) 478. midara 479. midemidiu 480. mie 481. miima 482. Mijanika 483. mijuke 484. mikidua 485. mikisana/mikisena 486. minaminapii 487. minedu 488. mini 489. miniduwa 490. minumi 491. minute (sing. minuta2 – minutai) 492. mio/miowa 493. mipa 494. mireja 495. miru 496. mirutarare 497. misimiri 498. misuma 499. mita 500. miturea 501. mizase 502. Mujatewi 503. muko 504. mupi 505. murito 506. muru HT 3 507. naa 508. nadare 509. nadi/nadiradi/nadiredi 510. nadiwi 511. nadu 512. Nadunapu2a 513. Naisizamikao 514. naka 515. nakiki 516. Nakininuta 517. nakuda 518. Namarasasaja 519. Namatiti 520. nami 521. namikua/namikuda 522. namine 523. nanau 524. nanipa3 525. napa3du 526. nara/naru 527. narepirea 528. naridi 529. narita 530. naroka 531. nasarea 532. nasekimi 533. nasi 534. nasisea 535. nataa/nataje 536. Natanidua 537. natareki 538. nati 539. nazuku/nazuru 540. nea 541. neakoa 542. nedia 543. nedira 544. neka/nekisi 545. nemaduka 546. Nemaruja 547. nemi -or- mine 548. Nemiduda 549. Nemusaa 550. Nenaarasaja 551. neqa 552. Neramaa 553. nerapa/nerapaa 554. nere 555. nesa/nesaki/nesakimi 556. Nesasawi 557. Nesekuda 558. neta 559. netapa 560. netuqe 561. nidapa 562. nidiki/nidiwa 563. niduti 564. nijanu 565. niku/nikutitii 566. nimi 567. nipa3 568. nira2 (nirai) -or- nita2 (nitai) ) 569. niro/niru 570. nise/nisi 571. nisudu 572. nisupu 573. niti/nitinu 574. nizuka 575. nizuuka 576. nua 577. nude 579. nuduwa 580. nuki/nukisikija 581. numida/numideqe 582. nupa3ku 583. nupi 584. nuqetu 585. nuti/nutini 586. Nutiuteranata 587. nutu 588 nuwi 589. odami/odamia 590. okamiza 591. Okamizasiina 592. opi 593. ora2dine (oraidine) 594. osuqare 595. otanize 596. oteja 597. pa/paa 598. padaru 599. padasuti 600. pade 601. padupaa 602. pa3a/pa3ana 603. pa3da 604. pa3dipo 605. pa3e 606. pa3karati 607. pa3kija 608. pa3ku 609. pa3ni/pa3nina/pa3niwi 610. pa3pa3ku 611. pa3qa 612. pa3qe -or- qepa3 i.e. paiqe -or- qepai 613. pa3roka 614. pa3sase 615. pa3waja 616. paiki... (truncated right) 617. Paito 618. paja/pajai 619. pajare 620. paka 621. paku 622. Pamanuita 623. para 624. parane 625. paroda 626. parosu 627. pasarija 628. pase 629. paseja 630. pasia 631. pasu 632. pata/patu 633. patada 634. patane 635. pataqe 636. pazaku 637. pia/pii 638. pija/pijani/pijawa 639. piku/pikui/pikuzu 640. pimata 641. pimitatira2 (pimitatirai) 642. pina/pini 643. pirueju 644. pisa 645. pita/pitaja 646. pitakase/pitakesi 647. pitara/pite(ri) 648. piteza 649. pitisa 650. piwaa 651. piwaja 652. piwi 653. posa 654. posi -or- sipo 655. potokuro 656. pu2juzu 657. pu2ra2 (pu2rai) 658. pu2reja 659. pu2su/pu2sutu 660. pu3pi 661. pu3tama 662. puko 663. punikaso 664. puqe 665. pura2 (purai) 666. pu2reja... (truncated) 667. pusa/pusi 668. pusuqe 669. putejare 670. Qara2wa 671. Qa2ra2wa 672. qajo 673. qaka 674. qakure 675. qanuma 676. qapa3 (qapai) 677. qapaja/qapajanai 678. qaqada 679. Qaqaru 680. qara2wa (qaraiwa) 681. qareto 682. qaqisenuti 683. qaro threshold 684. qasaraku 685. qatidate 686. qati/qatiju/qatiki 687. qedi 688. qedeminu 689. qeja 690. qeka 691. qekure 692. Qenamiku 693. qenupa 694. qepaka 695. qepita 696. qepu 697. qequre 698. qera2u/qera2wa/qera2ja HT 1 699. qeria/qeriu 700. qero 701. qerosa 702. qesidoe 703. qesite 704. qesizue 705. qesupu 706. qesusui 707. qeta2e (qetaie) 708. qeti 709. qetune/qitune 710. qisi 711. qoroqa 712. quqani 713. raa 714. rada/radaa/radakuku/radami 715. radarua 716. radasija 717. radizu 718. radu/rade 719. ra2ka (raika) 720. Ra2madami (raimadami) 721. ra2miki (raimiki) 722. ra2natipiwa (rainatipiwa) 723. ra2pu/ra2pu2 (raipu/raipu2) 724. ra2ri (rairi) 725. ra2rore 726. ra2ru 727. ra2saa 728. ra2ti (raiti) 729. Raja/Raju 730. raka/rakaa 731. ranatusu 732. rani 733. raodiki 734. rapa/rapu 735. rapu3ra 736. raqeda 737. rarasa 738. raride... (truncated right) 739. rarua 740. rasa/rasi 741. rasamii 742. rasasaa/rasasaja 743. rata/ratapi 744. ratada 745. ratise (ritise?) 746. razua 747. rea 748. reda/redana/redasi 749. Redamija 750. redise 751. reduja 752. reja/rejapa 753. rekau 754. rekotuku 755. reku/rekuqa/rekuqe 756. rema/rematuwa 757. remi 758. renara/renaraa 759. renute 760. repa 761. Repu2dudatapa 762. repu3du 763. reqasuo 764. reradu 765. Rera2tusi (Reraitusi) 766. Reratarumi 767. rerora2 (rerorai) 768. rese/resi/resu 769. retaa/retada 770. retaka 771. retata2 772. retema 773. reza 774. rezakeiteta 775. ria 776. ridu 777. rikata 778. rima 779. rimisi 780. ripaku 781. ripatu 782. riqesa 783. rira/riruma 784. rirumati 785. risa 786. Risaia3dai 787. Risumasuri 788. ritaje 789. rite/ritepi 791. ritoe 792. rodaa/rodaki 793. roe 794. roika 795. roke/roki/roku 796. romaku 797. romasa 798. ronadi 799. rore/roreka 800. rorota -or- taroro
Tag: Phoenician
Linear A Lexicon 2018 vocabulary only, no definitions: PART 1: entries 1-439
Linear A Lexicon 2018 vocabulary only, no definitions: PART 1: entries 1-439This lexicon adopts the conventions followed by L.R. Palmer in his ground-breaking work on Linear B, The Interpretation of Mycenaean Greek Texts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, © 1963, 1998. ix, 488 pp. ISBN 0-19-813144-5 (1998). For Palmer’s glossary, which follows these conventions, see pp. 402-473. We have adopted these conventions to make the vocabulary of Linear A accessible to any and all, from lay persons not yet familiar with Linear A and non-linguists (somewhat) familiar with Linear B and/or A all the way to professional linguists adept in Linear B, and possibly also in Linear A, in order that everyone, regardless of education or scholastic background may readily access our Linear A Lexicon and come to familiarize him- or herself with at least the rudiments of Linear A, or in the case of professional linguists, with the intricacies of the syllabary. This Lexicon represents all of the vocabulary Alexandre Solça and I myself have compiled, plus around 100 additional exograms deciphered by Peter van Soebergen in his superb 4 volume set, Minoan Linear. Amsterdam, Brave New Books, © 2016. ISBN 9789402157574 Originally published 1987 1. adai 2. adakisika 3. ade 4. adara/adaro/adaru 5. adidakitipaku 6. adikite(te)... 7. adoro 8. adi 9. adina/adine 10. adu 11. adu2sara 12. adukumina 13. Adunitana 14. adure/adureza 15. aduza 16. ajesa 17. aju 18. aka 19. Akanu/Akanuzati 20. Akanuzati 21. akara/akaru HT 2 22. akarakitanasijase 23. ake 24. akipiete(ne?)
25. akiro
26. akoane
27. akumina 28. ama 29. amaja 30. amarane... (truncated) 31. amawasi 32. amidao/amidau 33. amata 34. amita 35. ana 36. ananusijase 37. anaqa 38. anatijowaja 39. anatu 40. anau 41. anepiti 42. apa3di (apaidi)... (truncated) 43. apadupa... (truncated 44. apaija 45. apaki 46. aparane 47. apaki 48. apero 49. api 50. apu2nadu 51. ara 52. araju 53. arako
54. arakokuzu
55. aranare/aranarai HT 1 56. aratiatu 57. aratu/aratumi... (truncated) 58. arauda 59. aredai
60. Arekinedisa(?)ma
61. Arenesidi 62. arepirena 63. aresana 64. ari 65. arinita 66. arija 67. aripa 68. ari/aru 69. arisu 70. arenita 71. aro/aru 72. arokaku 73. arote 74. arote2 75. arisu 76. aru 77. arura 78. arudara 79. aruma 80. aruqaro 81. asadaka 82. asamune 83. Asara2 84. Asasarame 85. asasumai(no) 86. Asasumaise 87. ase/asi 88. asu 89. aseja/asuja 90. asesina 91. asidatoi 92. asijaka 93. asikira 94. asisupoa 95. asona 96. Asuja 97. asumi 98. asupuwa 99. atade 100. ataijodeka 101. ataijowa(e) 102. atanate
103. A-ta-no-dju-wa-ja
104. atare 105. atika 106. atiru 107. atu 108. aurete 109. auta 110. awapi 111. azura 112. daa 113. dadai/dadana 114. Dadakitipaku 115. dadumata 116. dadumina/dadumine 117. dadute 118. dai/daina 119. daipita 120. daka/daki/daku 121. dakuna 122. Dakusene(ti) 123. damate 124. dame/dami 125. daminu 126. danasi 127. danekuti 128. daqaqa 129. daqera 130. dare 131. darida (daweda) 132. daropa 133. darunete 134. daserate 135. dasi 136. datapa 137. datara/datare 138. data2 (datai) 139. datu 140. Dawa 141. dea 142. deauwase 143. dedi 144. dejuku 145. deka -or- kade 146. Demirirema 147. depa/depu 148. deponiza 149. dewa -or- wide 150. dide/didi 151. dideru 152. didikase/didikaze HT 1 153. dii 154. dija/dije 155. dika/dikaki.../dikatare (right truncated) 156. Dikate 157. dikime 158. dikise 159. dima/dimaru 160. dimedu 161. dinaro 162. dinasuka 163. dinau 164. dipa3a (dipaia) 165. dipaja 166. diqe -or- qedi 167. diqise 168. dirasa 169. diradina/diredina 170. direna (diwena) 171. dirina 172. diru 173. disa 174. disipita 175. ditajaru 176. ditamana 177. du/dua/duja 178. dudama 179. duja 180. dumaina 181. dumedi 182. dumitatira2 (dumitatirai) 183. dunawi 184. dupa3na (dupaina) 185. dupitewa 186. Dupu3re (dupure) 187. dura2 188. durare 189. duratiqe 190. dureza/durezase 191. durui... (truncated) 192. dusi/dusini 193. dusima 194. dusu 195. duti 196. duwi 197. duzu/duzuwa 198. edamisa 199. edija 200. edu 201. eka 202. enasi 203. eniwa 204. epa3 (epai) 205. ero 206. esija 207. etanasu 208. eta2qe (etaiqe) 209. etori 210. ezusiqe 211. ia 212. Ida/Idaa/Idada/Idapa3 213. Idamate/Idamete 214. idami 215. idapa3isari 216. Idarea 217. idorinita 218. Idunesi 219. iduti 220. ija 221. ijadi 222. ijapa 223. Ijapame 224. ijaredija 225. ijate 226. ika 227. Ikesedesute 228. Ikurina 229. ikuta 230. imas 231. imisara 232. ina 233. inaimadu 234. inaja 235. Inajapaqa 236. inasi 237. inawa 238. ipasaja 239. ipinama/ipinamina 240. ipinamasirute 241. ira2 (irai) 242. iruja 243. isari 244. ise 245. itaja 246. itaki 247. itijukui 248. Itinisa
249. itisapuko
250. Ititikuna 251. itowaja 252. Izurinita 252. jaa 254. jadi/jadu 255. jadikitetedupu2re 256. jadikitu 257. jadireja 258. jadurati 259. jai 260. jainwaza 261. jaiterikisu 262. jaitose 263. jaja 264. jakisikinu 265. jako/jaku/jakuti 266. jamaa 267. jamauti 268. jami/jamidare 269. januti 270. japa/japadi 271. japaka/japaku 272. Japametu 273. Japanidami 274. japarajase 275. jara2qe (jaraiqe) 276. jara/jare/jaremi 277. jarepu2 278. jarete 279. jari/jarina/jarinu 280. jaripa3ku 281. jarisapa 282. jaru -or- ruja 283. jarui 284. jasaja 285. jasumatu 286. jasapai 287. Jasaraanane 288. jasasaramana/jasasarame 289. jasidara 290. jasea/jasepa 291. jasie 292. jasuma(tu) 293. jataiouja 294. jate/jateo 295. jatimane 296. jatituku+ jatituku 297. jatoja 298. jawapa3... (truncated) 299. jaupamaida 300. jawi 301. jedi 302. jeka 303. jemanata 304. jetana 305. jua 306. judu 307. juerupi 308. juka 309. jukunapakunuu 310. juma/jumaku 311. juraa 312. jureku 313. juresa 314. jutiqa 315. juu 316. kadi 317. kadumane 318. kadusi 319. kae/kai 320. kaika 321. kairo 322. kaji/kaju 323. kaki/kaku 324. kakupa 325. kakunete/kakusunetu 326. kami 327. kana/kanatiti/kanau 328. kanaka 329. Kanijami 330. kanita 331. kanuti 332. kapa/kapaqe/kapate/kapi 333. kapasara2 (kapasarai) 334. kaporu 335. kapu3si 336. kaqa/kaqe 337. kara/karu 338. karero 339. karona 340. karopa2 (karopai) 341. karu 342. karunau 343. kasaru 344. kasi 345. Kasidizuitanai 346. Kasikidaa 347. kasitero 348. katanite 349. kataro 350. kati 351. kaudeta 352. kaudoni 353. kauzuni 354. keda 355. keire 356. Kekiru 357. kera/kero 358. keta/kete/ketu 359. Ketesunata 360. kezadidi 361. kida/kidi 362. kidapa 363. kidaro 364. kidata/kidate 365. kidini 366. kidiora 367. kii/kiipa 368. kija 369. kika 370. kikadi 371. kikina 372. kikiraja 373. kimara2 (kimarai) 374. kimu 375. kina 376. kinima 377. kinite 378. kipaa (see also unaa below) 379. kipira2 (kipirai)/kipirija 380. kiqa 381. kira 382. kireta2 383. kiretana HT 2 384. kiretaiwinu + kiretana winu 385. kireza 386. kiro/kirisi/kiru HT 1 387. kirusata -or- rusataki -or- satakiru 388. kiso 389. kisusetu 390. kitai/kitei 391. kitanite 392. kitanasija/kitanasijase 393. kiti 394. kitina 395. kitiqa 396. kito 397. koiru 398. koja 399. komu 400. kopu 401. koru 402. Kosaiti 403. kuda 404. kudona 405. kuduri (kuduwe?) 406. kujude 407. kuka 408. kukudara 409. kumaju 410. kumapu 411. kuminaqe 412. kunisu 413. kupa/kupi 414. kupa3natu 415. Kupa3nu HT 1 HT 3 416. kupa3pa3 417. kupa3rija 418. kupaja 419. kupari 420. Kupatikidadia 421. kupazu 422. kupi 423. kuqani 424. kura 425. kuramu 426. kurasaqa
427. kuratujo
428. kureda 429. kureju 430. kuro/kurotu 431. kuto/kutu 432. kuruku 433. kuruma 434. Kutiti 435. kutu 436. kutukore 437. kuwa -or- waku 438. kuzu 439. kuzuni
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CRITICAL POST: Ancient words from 3,000 – 1,200 BCE in modern English
CRITICAL POST: Ancient words from 3,000 – 1,200 BCE in modern English:
First the ancient words in modern English, and in the next two posts, how words infiltrate from earlier to diachronically close later languages. These posts are real eye-openers, explaining how words from earlier languages trickle into later, e.g. Akkadian and Sanskrit into Linear A (Minon) and Linear B (Mycenaean) + how all of the ancient words here infiltrate English.
Akkadian/Assyrian (3,000 BCE):
babel babilu = Babylon; gate of God (Akkadian)
bdellium budulhu = pieces (Assyrian)
canon, canyon qanu = tube, reed (Assyrian)
cumin kumunu = carrot family plant (Akkadian)
natron sodium (Akkadian)
myrrh murru (Akkadian)
sack saqqu (Akkadian)
shalom = hello sholom/shlama = hello (also Hebrew)
souk saqu = narrow (Akkadian)
Semitic (2,000-1,000 BCE):
arbiter arbiter (Latin from Phoenician)
byssus bwtz = linen cloth, to be white (Semitic)
chemise gms = garment (Ugaritic)
deltoid dalt (Phoenician)
fig pag (paleo-Hebrew)
iotacism iota (Phoenician)
map (Phoenician)
mat matta (Phoenician)
shekel tql (Canaanite)
Egyptian (2690 BCE):
http://www.egyptologyforum.org/AEloans.html
adobe
alabaster
alchemy
ammonia
baboon 5
barge, bark, barque, to embark
basalt
behemoth
bocal
chemistry 10
copt, coptic
desert
Egypt
ebony
endive 15
gum
gypsy
ibis
ivory
lily 20
oasis
obelisk
manna
mummy
myth 25
papyrus
paper
pharaoh
pharmacy
phoenix 30
pitcher
pyramid
sack See also saqqu (Akkadian)
sash
Susan(na), Phineas, Moses, Potiphar, Potiphera 35
sphinx
stibium = eye paint
tart
uraeus (emblem on the headdress of the pharaoh)39
Sanskrit (2,000 BCE):
aniline nili (Sanskrit)
Aryan aryas = noble, honourable
atoll antala
aubergine vātigagama = eggplant, aubergine
avatar avatara = descent
bandana bandhana = a bond
banyan vaṇij = merchant
beryl vaidūrya (Sanskrit, Dravidian)
bhakti bhakti = portion
candy khaṇḍakaḥ, from khaṇḍaḥ = piece, fragment
cashmere shawl made of cashmere wool
cheetah chitras = uniquely marked
chintz chitras = clear, bright
cot khatva
cobra kharparah = skull
crimson krmija = red dye produced by a worm
crocus kunkunam = saffron, saffron yellow
datura dhattūrāh = a kind of flowering plant
dinghy dronam = tiny boat
ginger srngaveram, from srngam “horn” + vera = body
guar gopali = annual legume
gunny goni = sack
guru gurus = bachelor
jackal srgalah = the howler
Java/java = island/coffee Yavadvipa= Island of Barley, from yava
= barley + dvipa =island
juggernaut jagat-natha-s = lord of the world
jungle jangala = arid
jute jutas = twisted hair
karma karman = action
kermes kṛmija = worm-made
lacquer lākṣā
lilac nila = dark blue
loot lotam = he steals
mandala mandala = circle
mandarin mantri = an advisor
mantra mantras = holy message or text
maya maya = illusion
Mithras mitrah = friend
mugger makara = sea creature, crocodile
musk mus = mouse
nard naladam = nard
nirvanas nirvanas = extinction, blowing out (candle)
opal upalah = opal
orange narangas = orange tree
pal bhrata = brother
palanquin palyanka = bed, couch
panther pāṇḍara = pale
pepper pippali = long pepper
punch pancha = drink from alcohol, sugar, lemon, water,
tea or spices
pundit paṇdita =learned
rajah rajan = king
rice vrihi-s = rice, derived from proto-Dravidian
rupee rūpyakam =silver coin
saccharin sarkarā
sandal wood candanam = wood for burning incense
sapphire sanipriya = sacred to Shani (Sanskrit) = Greek,
Saturn
sari sati = garment
shawl sati = strip of cloth
sugar sharkara = ground sugar
swami svami = master
tank tadaga-m =pond, lake pool, large artificial
container for liquid
tope stupah
yoga yogas = yoke, union
yogi yogin = one who practices yoga, ascetic
zen dhyana = meditation
Linear A (1,800-1,500 BCE):
cedar keda = cedar
cumin kuminaqe = and cumin See also Linear B kumino
kumi/non Cf. kumunu = carrot family plant
(Akkadian)
lily rairi (also Egyptian) -or- nila = dark blue
(Sanskrit)
pimento pimata = pimento
rose rosa = rose
sack saka sa/kka <- sa/kkoj = coarse cloth of hair from
goats; sackcloth -or- sa/ka <- sa/koj a shield made
of wicker See also saqqu = sack (Akkadian)
Linear A & Linear B (1,800-1,200 BCE):
agriculture akara/akaru a1kra (arch. acc.) – or – = end, border
+ akaru a0gro/j = field Cf. Linear B akoro a0gro/j
democracy dima/dimaru dh=maj <- dh=moj = land, country; people Cf. Linear B damo = village da=moj Mother goddess of Mount Ida Idamate/Idamete 0Idama/te Rhea, goddess of Mount Ida Idarea 0Idar9ea healer ijate i0a/ter = doctor, physician Cf. Linear iyate i0a/ter calligraphy karu = ka/llu <- ka/lloj = beautiful, fine, ornamental copper kaki/kaku xalku/ <- xalko/j = copper, bronze crimson punikaso funi/kasoj = crimson, red (of wine) Cf. Linear B ponikiya ponikiyo foini/kioj = crimson Cf. krmija = red dye produced by a worm (Sanskrit) crocus kuruku kro/koj = crocus, saffron Cf. crocus kunkunam = saffron, saffron yellow (Sanskrit) Lykinthos Rukito Cf. Linear B Rukito Lu/kinqoj minth mita mi/nqa = mint Cf. Linear B mita nard naridi na/ridi <- na/rdoj = with nard. See also naladam (Sanskrit) new nea ne/a (feminine) = new Cf. Linear B ne/#a = new pistachio-nut pitakase/pitakesi pista/kesi = with pistachio-nuts (instr. pl.) Phoenician punikaso funi/kasoj = crimson, red (of wine) Cf. Linear B ponikiya ponikiyo foini/kioj = crimson Cf. krmija = red dye produced by a worm (Sanskrit) Phaistos Paito Faisto/j Cf. Linear Paito Rhea rea r9e/a = goddess, Rhea sack saka sa/kka (arch. acc.) <- sa/kkoj = coarse cloth of hair from goats; sackcloth -or- sa/ka <- sa/koj a shield made of wicker Cf. See also saqqu (Akkadian) sesame sasame sasa/me = sesame Cf. Linear B sasa/ma terebinth tree tarawita = terebinth tree Cf. Linear B kitano ki/rtanoj & timito ti/rminqoj thalassian tarasa = sea Cf. Linear B tarasa qa/lassa thorax toraka qw/rac = breastplate, cuirass = Linear B toraka throne turunu qo/rnoj = throne Cf. Linear B torono qo/rnoj wine winu #i/nu = wine Cf. Linear B wono = wine, vine #oi/noj wine dedicated to Mother Earth winumatari NM #i/numa/tari = wine dedicated to Mother Earth yoked zokutu zogutu/ <- zogwto/j = yoked, with a cross- bar zone zuma zw=ma girdle, belt; girded tunic
Mycenaean Linear B (1,600-1,200 BCE):
aeon eo e0wn = being
anemometer anemo a0ne/mwn = wind
angel akero a0ngge/loj = messenger
agora akora a0gora/ = market
axles akosone a1conej = axles
amphorae aporowe a0mfore#ej
armaments amota a3rmo/ta = chariot
anthropology atoroqo a0nqrw/poj = man, human being
aulos (musical instrument)auro a0ulo/j = flute, musical instrument
cardamon kadamiya kardami/a = cardamon
celery serino se/linon = celery
chiton kito xitw/n = chiton
circular kukereu kukleu/j = circle
coriander koriyadana koli/adna
cumin kumino kum/minon Cf. kumunu = carrot family plant
(Akkadian)
curator korete kore/ter = governor
cypress kuparo ku/pairoj
divine diwo Di/#oj = Zeus
duo dwo du#o/ = two
elephant erepa e0le/faj = ivory (in Mycenaean)
eremite eremo e1remoj = desert
foal poro pw/loj = foal
gynecology kunaya gunai/a = woman
heterosexual hatero a3teroj e3teroj = other
hippodrome iqo i3ppoj = horse
labyrinth dapuritoyo = labyrinth laburi/nqoj
linen rino li/non
lion rewo le/#wn = lion
mariner marineu marineu/j = sailor, mariner
maternal matere ma/ter = mother
Mesopotamia Mesopotomo Mesopota/moj = Mesopotamia
metropolis matoropuro matro/puloj = mother city
nautical nao nau/j = ship
non-operational noopere nwfe/lioj = useless
operation opero o1feloj = operation
paternal pate pa/ter = father
paramedic para para\ = beside, from beside, by the side of,
beyond etc.
pharmaceutical pamako fa/rmakon = medicine
polypod porupode polu/pode polu/pouj = octopus
progressive poro pro\ = in front of
purple popureyo pofurei/a = purple
quartet qetoro tetta/rej = four
schinus kono skoi/noj (flowering pepper)
strategic tatakeu startageu/j = general
stylobate tatamo staqmo/j = standing post, door post
temenos temeno (piece of land assigned as an official
domain (to royalty)
theological teo qe/oj = god
trapeze topeza to/rpeza tra/peza = table
tripod tiripode tri/pwj = tripod
vision wide #ei/de = to see
xenophobic kesenuwiyo ce/n#ioj = stranger
© by Richard Vallance Janke 2017
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The first ever complete and entirely unique decipherment of Linear A tablet HT 123 RECTO (Haghia Triada)
The first ever complete and entirely unique decipherment of Linear A tablet HT 123 RECTO (Haghia Triada):
This decipherment of Linear A tablet HT 123 RECTO (Haghia Triada) is entirely unique and is the first ever of its kind. It incorporates several key features never before seen in any of the failed attempts at “deciphering” this tablet. These are:
1. It accurately identifies the crops as (a) olives (b) wine and (c) saffron/flax;
2. It accurately identifies what all previous “decipherers” have erroneously assumed to be fractions as crop shares;
3. It accurately identifies the supersyllabogram PU, which no one has ever before been able to decipher as the Old Minoan word, punikaso = Phoenician or in the case of wine = purple, equivalent to Linear B ponikiyo.
4. It clearly and accurately identifies the shares of crops, usually 8 shares per;
5. The Old Minoan Linear A word kiro appears to mean “they owed”, which suits the context to a T;
6. the combination of the number 8 with harvesting fits the season exactly, the month for harvesting being lunar August (at least if the Minoans counted counted their lunar months from the first month in the year, which certainly appears to be the case).
7. Since the total 20 + is right-truncated on the last line, I have to assume that it refers to 20 or more months, given that 9 months are mentioned above, with the ninth month implying that 8 preceded it, for a total 17. The number 4 with the unknown character probably also references months, bringing the potential total to 21. Thus a grand total of 20+ months is not out of the question.
This is the first ever successful decipherment of Linear A tablet HT 123 (RECTO) in toto.
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RESEARCH paper: Supersyllabograms in the agricultural sector of the Mycenaean economy, by Rita Roberts academia.edu
RESEARCH paper: Supersyllabograms in the agricultural sector of the Mycenaean economy, by Rita Roberts academia.edu:
This essay constitutes Rita Robert’s first foray into major research in ancient Mycenaean linguistics on academia.edu. Rita has composed this highly scholarly article as the major component of her mid-term examination in her second year of university, exactly half way to her degree. Keeping up this pace, she is bound to perform outstandingly in her final essay of her second year, and in her third year thesis paper, which will be considerably more demanding than this study, and about twice as long.
I strongly recommend you to download this study here:
It makes for engaging reading in ancient linguistics research.
You can reach Rita’s academia.edu account here to view her other papers:
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Decipherment of Linear A tablet HT 14 (Haghia Triada) with John G. Younger’s errors corrected
Decipherment of Linear A tablet HT 14 (Haghia Triada) with John G. Younger’s errors corrected:
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Linear A tablet ZA 14 (Zakros) appears to be almost entirely inscribed in Mycenaean-derived Greek
Linear A tablet ZA 14 (Zakros) appears to be almost entirely inscribed in Mycenaean-derived Greek:
Linear A tablet ZA 14 (Zakros) appears to be almost entirely inscribed in Mycenaean-derived Greek. The only exception is the word tumitizase, which from the context very likely means “linen”, one of the most highly prize cloths or textiles in Minoan/Mycenaean times. All of the other Mycenaean derived words have been adjusted to meet the exigencies of Minoan grammar. Comments: Megidi almost certainly is in a Minoan oblique case. Given that I have extrapolated 5 more words with the ultimate di: dimedi, medakidi, mekidi, sekadidi and sekidi, it appears that this case may be the genitive singular, probably masculine. Further research is required to substantiate this claim, if at all possible. Mycenaean-derived punikaso is such a striking match with Linear B poinikiyo that it almost certainly means Phoenician. With reference to textiles, this word signifies “crimson”. In addition, qatiju is a close match with ancient Greek, geitheo (here Latinized) = to delight in, which in Minoan grammar is rendered as qatiju, i.e. gatheiu. Also, we have kupi = xhoufi from xhous, “in liquid measure” and panuke = fanuthe from fanos, meaning “brightly washed” and finally jawi for iawi = in violet (Greek).
To summarize, the decipherment makes perfect sense if all the vocabulary is interpreted as being Mycenaean-derived, except for tumitizase, which context practically demands signifies “linen”, the Old Minoan word corresponding with Linear B rino.
This remarkable decipherment lends even further credence to the hypothesis that a Mycenaean-derived superstratum imposed itself on the Minoan substratum. I have already deciphered at least six Linear A tablets which are primarily inscribed in Mycenaean-derived Greek, along with more inscribed in an admixture of Old and New Minoan.
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Comprehensive Architectural Lexicon, Knossos & Mycenae (Part B)
Comprehensive Architectural Lexicon, Knossos & Mycenae (Part B):Part B of our architectural lexicon in Linear B presents only a few little problems. First of all, pokironuka = decorated with different studs, would appear to refer to studs which are jutting ornamentations on buildings, but I cannot be sure of this. Ponikiyo is almost always translated as palm tree, but I suspect it also means Phoenician, i.e. an architectural style. For the three * asterisked notes, see the lexicon above. Just one more point on samara. Samara is an actual ancient city. One Linear B lexicon defines it as points, but I have not the faintest idea what that is supposed to mean. The alternative meaning is monuments, which is completely acceptable. But I have added the additional signification, burial mounds, because these appear in some numbers at Mycenae alone.
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Just uploaded to academia.edu: The Gezer Agricultural Calendar Almanac in Paleo-Hebrew (ca. 925 BCE) and its Translation into Mycenaean Linear B, Coupled with the Profound Implications of the Powerful Impact of Supersyllabograms aka Surcharged Adjuncts on Linear B
Just uploaded to academia.edu: The Gezer Agricultural Calendar Almanac in Paleo-Hebrew (ca. 925 BCE) and its Translation into Mycenaean Linear B, Coupled with the Profound Implications of the Powerful Impact of Supersyllabograms aka Surcharged Adjuncts on Linear B:This highly significant article, which is the ultimate lead up to my talk,"The Rôle of Supersyllabograms in Mycenaean Linear B", which I will be giving at the interdisciplinary Conference,"Thinking in Symbols", at the Pultusk Academy of the Humanities, Pultusk, Warsaw, on July 1st. or 2nd., is highly revealing of the primary focus my presentation at that time: Click on the banner below to visit the academia.edu page, where it is presently posted and available for download in PDF format. here: Click the banner below to retrieve it:
I am quite sure that anyone genuinely interested in Mycenaean Linear B will find it fascinating reading. I would also like to point out that, even though I have been on academia.edu for less than a month, my papers have skyrocked to the top 1% of all research documents on the that site, which has surprised and astonished me beyond my wildest expectations. The number of followers I have garnered has risen from 55 last week to 90 today. Richard
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Translation of the Gezer Agricultural Almanac into Mycenaean Linear B: Click to ENLARGE
Translation of the Gezer Agricultural Almanac into Mycenaean Linear B: Click to ENLARGEThis is the first ever attempt to translate the Gezer Agricultural Almanac in Paleo-Hebrew (ca 925 BCE) into Mycenaean Linear B. My reasons for doing so are manifold: 1. While the text in Paleo-Hebrew is written in the proto-Hebrew alphabet, which for all intents and purposes is practically identical to the Phoenician alphabet, the translation is of course in the Linear B syllabary. 2. The Gezer Agricultural Almanac has no vowels, since Paleo-Hebrew, like the Phoenician alphabet, had none. On the other hand, the translation into Linear B, which is a syllabary, automatically guarantees that every single syllable contains a vowel. 3. The alphabetical text of The Gezer Agricultural Almanac takes up considerably more space than the translation into Mycenaean Linear B, since alphabetic scripts use up more space than syllabaries, even though syllabaries contain considerably more syllabograms than alphabets do letters. In the case of the Phoenician and Proto-Hebrew alphabets alike, there are 22 letters, all consonants. The reason why syllabaries take up less space than most alphabets is simple: each single syllabogram consists of a consonant + a vowel, whereas most alphabets must express consonants and vowels as separate entities. However, in the case of the Phoenician and Paleo-Hebrew alphabets, this distinction does not apply, since the number of consonants in the latter approximate the number of syllabograms in Linear B. 4. But the question remains, if this is the case, then why is the Linear B translation still noticeably shorter than the proto-Hebrew original? This is no idle question. There are three primary reasons for Linear B’s uncanny capacity to telescope long text into shorter. These are: 4.1 While alphabetic scripts, regardless of whether or not they contain vowels, and irrespective of their antiquity or modernity, are generally incapable of telescoping text into smaller entities, Linear B does this with ease, first by using ideograms, which appear on every single line of the Linear B translation you see here of the Gezer Almanac. I could have written out the text in full, but had I done so, I would not have reflected the spirit and the commonplace practice of Linear B scribes to replace long text with ideograms, because they were forced to save precious space of what were, without exception, very small tablets (most running to no more than 15 cm. wide, and only a few as wide as 10 cm.) 4.2.1 For the precise same reason, Linear B scribes also frequently resorted to replacing entire Linear B words, such as “rino” = Greek “linon” = English “linen”, the Mycenaean Greek word for both the raw product “flax” and the finished, “rino” with logograms. You can see the single syllabogram = logogram “NI” = “flax” on line 3, immediately preceding the ideogram for “meno” = “month”. 4.2.2 If this practice is a clever ploy, what are we make of the same procedure carried even further, when in line 7, the scribe (me) replaces the word for “fruit” = “kapo” in Mycenaean Linear B, with the very same word with the exact same number of syllabograms = 2, but by placing one (po) on top of the other (ka)! That way, the scribe uses the space for only 1 syllabogram while in reality writing 2. If this isn’t a brilliant ploy, I don’t know what is. But it goes even further. Although we do not see an example of this practice carried to its extreme in this translation, scribes even resorted to piling 3 syllabograms on top of one another! A prefect example of this is the Mycenaean word “arepa” = Greek “aleifa” = English “ointment”, consisting of 3 syllables. In this instance, scribes almost always wrote “arepa” as a logogram, by piling the syllabogram “pa” on top of “re” on top of “a”. Now that takes some gymnastics! In this case, the scribes used the space for 1 syllabogram to replace an entire word of 3 syllabograms. Talk about saving space! All of these clever little tricks are illustrated here: Click to ENLARGE
5. The scribes also replaced entire Mycenaean Greek words with supersyllabograms on about 27 % of all Linear B tablets. SSYLS save even more space than logograms and ideograms, in some cases, far more, since they can replace entire phrases in Mycenaean Greek. Yet, even without resorting to SSYLS in this translation, l managed to telescope the discursive alphabetic Proto-Hebrew text into a much shorter Linear B translation. Now the most amazing thing about Linear B’s amazing capacity to shortcut text by telescoping it into the much smaller discrete elements, logograms, ideograms and supersyllabograms, is that the Linear B syllabary preceded both the Phoenician and Paleo-Hebrew alphabets by at least 4 centuries! So who is to say that alphabets are superior to syllabaries? I for one would not even dare. Richard
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Happy Second Anniversary to Linear B, Knossos & Mycenae! Now the largest Linear B blog on the Internet
Happy Second Anniversary to Linear B, Knossos & Mycenae! Now the largest Linear B blog on the Internet We are delighted to announce that Linear B, Knossos & Mycenaereaches its second anniversary on May 1 2015. What have we accomplished in the past two years? A great deal indeed. Here are the highlights. 1. The discovery, extrapolation, collation and classification of supersyllabograms in Mycenaean Linear B, of which there are 34 (to date) out of 61 syllabograms in Linear B, excluding counting homophones (with the sole exception of RAI = saffron). 2. We have entered into close partnership with The Association of Historical Studies, Koryvantes (Athens, Greece), here:
where we have been assigned our own category for posting on their blog,
WE STRONGLY RECOMMEND THIS BLOG, AND URGE YOU ALL TO FOLLOW THE IMPRESSIVE RESEARCH CONDUCTED BY KORYVANTES. 3. As a direct result of 1. & 2. above, Richard, our blog moderator, has been invited to give his talk at the Conference, “Thinking Symbols” (June 30-July 2 2015), sponsored by The Association of Historical Studies (Koryvantes), Athens:
at the Pultusk Academy of the Humanities, just outside of Warsaw.
His talk, and those of all other presenters at the Conference will be published by the University of Warsaw. The University of Warsaw also plans to publish the General of Supersyllabograms and its application to the translation of some 700+ Mycenaean Linear B tablets across the board, in a book to be titled, The Decipherment of Supersyllabograms in Mycenaean Linear B, to appear sometime in 2016. 4. In the past two years, Richard and his research colleague, Rita Roberts of Crete, have translated in excess of 100 Linear B tablets, most of them from Knossos, along with some from Pylos, Mycenae and Thebes. 5. Richard has compiled the following elements in his ongoing project to reconstruct as much as possible of Mycenaean Greek grammar from the ground up: 5.1 the complete table for the conjugations of the active voice, present, future, imperfect, aorist & perfect of Mycenaean verbs; 5.2 the table of adjectives and nouns ending in the archaic “eus” in the nominative singular. 5.3 Richard plans to continue with the compilation of Mycenaean Greek grammar throughout the remainder of 2015 and into 2016. 6. Richard has translated most of The Catalogue of Ships from Book II of the Iliad by Homer, and will finish off his translation this year (2015). This will be followed by his translation of Book I of the Iliad in its entirety (2015-2016). 7. We are in the process of compiling the largest Lexicon of both attested and derived Mycenaean Greek in Linear B ever to have appeared anywhere, in print or on the Internet. We have already finished with the draft of the first Section on Military Affairs, which is to appear on our blog and on the blog of The Association of Historical Studies, Koryvantes (Athens, Greece) sometime in the summer or autumn 2015. It is to be subdivided into several primary Sections, (1) Agriculture (2) Crafts, Trade and Commerce (3) Military Affairs (4) Domestic Affairs, including the production of vessels and pottery & (5) Religious Affairs. This is such a huge undertaking that it is unlikely that we will be able to complete it before 2018. 8. Richard has offered his services as Professor to Rita Roberts, Crete, who is now in her first year of university, working towards her three-year Bachelor of Arts in Linguists (BAL) in the field of Mycenaean Linear B. Both Rita and I can assure you that the curriculum is of the highest order and extremely demanding. Already, in her first semester of her first year, Rita has been tasked with the tough chore of translating several difficult Linear B tablets from Knossos on military affairs, and this is just the beginning! As far as we can tell, this online university undergraduate course, specifically focusing on Mycenaean Linear B, will be the first ever of its kind ever to have been offered worldwide. I am of course open to inviting others who are seriously committed to learn Mycenaean Linear B, but just as Rita has had to do, new students will have to first finish their secondary school level in Linear B before moving onto university studies. It took Rita two years to fulfill the requirements for a secondary school matriculation in Linear B. This and the full course of studies (secondary school and a bachelor’s degree) requires 5 full years of unstinting commitment to the mastery of Mycenaean Linear B. At the end of these five years, the student (Rita being our first) will possess the credentials to be an expert in the field. 9. We have begun posting on Arcado-Cypriot Linear C, having already translated 3 tablets in that syllabary. We have also made available for the first time ever the standard keyboard layout for Arcado-Cypriot Linear C, which you may download free at your convenience. We plan on continuing with posts on Linear C throughout 2016 & 2016, eventually tackling the famous Idalion Tablet of the 5th. Century BCE. Throughout 2015 and 2016, Arcado-Cypriot Linear C, the closest cousin dialect to Mycenaean Linear B, will play a significantly greater rôle than it presently does on our blog. Both Linear B and Linear C will be thoroughly cross-compared with the archaic grammar and vocabulary of the Catalog of Ships in Book II of the Iliad, the latter generally being considered as an indirect descendant of the Mycenaean & Arcado-Cypriot Greek dialects, at least in these two respects. This cross-comparative study will help us to properly situate the Mycenaean & Arcado-Cypriot Greek dialects in the diachronic time line of ancient Greek dialects. 10. We have begun a thorough-going investigation of the relationship between the Minoan Linear A & Mycenaean Linear B syllabaries, which are almost identical in most respects, the latter being derived from the former with other major Bronze Age scripts and alphabets, including the Phoenician and Proto-Hebrew alphabets, soon the Proto-Arabic, and any others which bear up well under comparison with Linear A & Linear B. 12. We have posted some information on Minoan Linear A, but it is not our intention to attempt to decipher this unknown language – at least for the next five years. However, certain aspects of Linear A itself are of prime importance to our concerns, especially its intimate relationship with Linear B, as well as its place in the development of ancient scripts in the context of 10. above. 13. We have begun exploring the possibilities for the application of Linear B & C to extraterrestrial communication. If this sounds wacky or even peculiar to you, think twice. NASA itself has already begun its own investigation of such intriguing prospects for Linear B and Linear C. As the direct result of our unflagging commitments to these areas of research into Mycenaean Linear B, Arcado-Cypriot Linear C and several other areas relating to these, our blog has grown to be the largest on the entire Internet devoted to the study of Mycenaean Linear B. I had hope for 50,000 visitors in the first two years, but these were exceeded, as we have had over 51,000. We thank everyone from the bottom of our hearts for your interest in what is manifestly an extremely specialized and narrow area of interest in the vast sea of linguistics, ancient and modern, and we look forward to seeing more of you visit our site throughout our third year, May 2015-April 2016. I am confident that we shall exceed 100,000 visits by the end of our third year. With our gratitude. Richard ALL OF THE ABOVE NICHES IN THE FIELD OF LINGUISTIC RESEARCH INTO LINEAR B, LINEAR C AND THEIRS APPLICATION TO ARCHAIC GREEK, ESPECIALLY IN THE CATALOGUE OF SHIPS OF BOOK II OF THE ILIAD, CAN BE DIRECTLY ACCESSED BY CATEGORY ON OUR BLOG, as seen here: These are the primary concerns of our Blog, but there are others, which are intriguing to special interest groups. Our goals are ambitious but we mean to fulfill them. At the same time, our Twitter account has attracted some 920 followers, compared with about 500 at the end of first year (May 1 2014). We have sent out over 13,600 tweets in the past 2 years. Click here to visit our Twitter account:
Our research colleague, Rita Roberts, now has over 380 followers on her Twitter account, here:
This makes for some 1,300 followers for us both on Twitter, a considerable number indeed, in light of the fact that the study of Linear B and the specialized interests in archaeology and similar arcane fields which Rita follows are rare birds indeed! I also urge you to follow Rita’s superb blog, here:
Finally, we have set ourselves up on Google +, where you can find our page here:
We started up on Google + just a couple of months ago, and we already have 383 followers in our Circle. Richard
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Comparison Between the Paleo-Hebrew Alphabets and Hieratic Egyptian & the Phoenician Alphabet: Click to ENLARGE
Comparison Between the Paleo-Hebrew Alphabets and Hieratic Egyptian & the Phoenician Alphabet: Click to ENLARGEThis chart clearly illustrates the comparison between both Early (right) and Late (left) Paleo-Hebrew with Hieratic Egyptian & Ancient Phoenician. The comparison between the Late Paleo-Hebrew with the Phoenician alphabet establishes beyond a reasonable doubt that they are virtually one and the same alphabet, based on the soundly reasoned inference that they developed simultaneously in the historical time line, implying in turn that the cross-cultural and cross-economic exchanges between these two civilizations was very intense. This quotation from Wikipedia is particularly telling, Phoenician had long-term effects on the social structures of the civilizations which came in contact with it. As mentioned above, the script was the first widespread phonetic script. Its simplicity not only allowed it to be used in multiple languages, but it also allowed the common people to learn how to write. This upset the long-standing status of writing systems only being learned and employed by members of the royal and religious hierarchies of society, who used writing as an instrument of power to control access to information by the larger population. Click the banner below to read the entire article.
The Phoenician alphabet is also often tagged Proto-Canaanite for inscriptions anterior to 1050 BCE. It is the first ever consonantal proto-alphabet, otherwise known as abjad. The Phoenician alphabet was derived from Egyptian hieroglyphics on the one hand and from cursive Hieratic Egyptian on the other. What is particularly striking about the Phoenician and Proto-Hebrew alphabets, which are mirror images of one another, is the fact that the former was used to write one of the earliest Semitic languages, while the latter was confined to Hebrew (also Semitic, but eventually to become completely unlike Arabic).
This may come as somewhat of a shock to die hard Jews and die-in-the-wool Muslims alike, but it is an incontestable historical fact which cannot be lightly brushed aside. It is absolutely essential to understand that these twin alphabets were far more ancient than the latter-day Hebrew alphabet, which was nevertheless a descendant of the Proto-Hebrew and the Phoenician alphabets alike. While the Phoenician alphabet was the scriptural medium for early Semitic Phoenician, that civilization, being far more ancient than Islam, was in intimate contact with Judeo-Palestine, with whom it cultivated friendly cultural and economic ties. In other words, the religious overlay imputed to the latter-day Hebrew alphabet, itself indirectly derived from the Phoenician alphabet versus the Arabic alphabet, was utterly absent from the consciousness of both the early Semitic Phoenicians and Hebrews. Of course, the Arabic alphabet eventually did develop on its own from the 6th. century AD, characteristically unlike the Phoenician and Proto-Hebrew alphabets in every conceivable way. The Similarities Among Hieratic Egyptian, the Phoenician alphabet, Early Proto-Hebrew and Late Proto-Hebrew: Now let’s take a good close look at the alphabets in this chart. 1. Oddly enough, Early Proto-Hebrew bears but a faint resemblance with the Phoenician and Late Proto-Hebrew alphabets, but it does have some points in common with Hieratic Egyptian. Given this scenario, it somehow strikes me that Early Proto-Hebrew was anterior to both the Phoenician and Late Proto-Hebrew alphabets; otherwise, how are we to explain all these bizarre discrepancies? Not that I would know, as I am no expert in Egyptian hieroglyphics or Hieratic Egyptian. I leave it to the expert linguists in that domain to enlighten us, and I certainly hope they will. 2. For all intents and purposes, the Phoenician and Late Proto-Hebrew alphabets are identical. 3. Except for lamedth and tav (taw), neither the Phoenician and Late Proto-Hebrew alphabets resemble Hieratic Egyptian and the Early Proto-Hebrew in any significant way, which is particularly surprising to this author. The early Proto-Hebrew letter vav mirrors both its Hieratic and Phoenician equivalents, as well as the letter waw in Proto-Hebrew, the latter merely being an avatar of the previous three. Lamedh is also equivalent in all four scripts. If we take it as oriented right, Hieratic Egyptian tadhe bears a close resemblance to early Proto-Hebrew nun & tsade, which instead are oriented left. There is absolutely nothing unusual in this phenomenon, which is so common to so many ancient scripts that it boggles the mind. Early Proto-Hebrew qof, horizontally oriented, bears a close resemblance to its equivalent, the vertically oriented Phoenician letter koph, while its tav resembles one of the two versions of the Phoenician tav. Just to complicate matters or to frustrate the living daylights out of us, taw in the Late Paleo-Hebrew alphabet resembles the other version of Phoenician tav. PS If anyone who is an expert in Egyptian hieroglyphics or Hieratic Egyptian is willing to enlighten us poor ignorant folk on the finer points of their relationship with the other scripts we have discussed here, please do contact us, commenting on the inevitable errors in this post. Richard
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Did you know you speak Mycenaean Greek? You do! K-Z = kunaya to zeukesi
Did you know you speak Mycenaean Greek? You do! K-Z = kunaya to zeukesi Mycenaean Greek in Modern English: korete to zeukesi: Click to ENLARGE[1] kunaya – Mycenaean Greek has no “g”, but ancient Greek does. Many English words begin with Greek words, as for instance gynecology + all others in this table marked with [1] [2] The same goes with prefixes. Many English words begin with the Greek prefix “peda”. [3] The ancient Phoenicians were famous for their purple cloth, which they inherited from the splendid purple cloth, the finest in the entire then known world (the middle Mediterranean & the Aegean) the Minoans at Knossos had produced before them. Hence, Phoenician is a synonym for “purple”. [4]The Mycenaean syllabary can express words beginning with “te”, but for some reason, they spelled 4 the same was the Romans did, “qetoro”, and there is nothing wrong with that. Archaic Greek sometimes expressed the number 4 with “petro” and sometimes with “tetro”. This too is not at all unusual with early alphabetic Greek, in which the various East Greek dialects derived from Mycenaean Linear B & Arcado-Cypriot Linear C flipped between these two spellings. Orthography was uncertain in archaic Greek, in other words, it had not yet fossilized into the final spelling used in Attic Greek in Classical Athens = tettares. [5] The English word “quartet” is derived from the Latin “quattro”, which in turn was preceded historically by the Mycenaean “qetoro”, although the Latin spelling is unlikely to have derived from the latter. It is just that Mycenaean Greek and Latin happened to resort to the same basic spelling for 4. [6] Since Mycenaean Greek had no “l”, words beginning with “lambda” in (archaic) Greek had to be spelled with “r” + a vowel in the syllabary. Hence, “rewo” = archaic Greek “lewon” = English “lion” & “rino” = ancient Greek “linon” = English “linen” [7] The ancient words “sasama” = “sesame” & Mycenaean “serino” = ancient Greek “selinon” = English “celery” are in fact not Greek words, but proto-Indo European. [8] While “sitophobia” = “fear of eating” in English does not seem to correspond with “sitos” = “wheat” in ancient Greek, in fact it does, since wheat was one of the main staples of their diet, just as it was for the Egyptians, Romans and most other ancient civilizations. In other words, wheat was a staple food. [9] Although the Mycenaean infinitive “weide” = archaic Greek “weidein” = English “to see”, the aorist began with “weis”, hence “vision” in English. Richard
Canadian Zen Haiku canadien ISSN 1705-4508 
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